Nouns არსებითი სახელი

Nouns answer the questions "What is it?" and "Who is it?" They give names to things, people, and places.

In general there is no distinction between masculine, feminine in English nouns. However, gender is sometimes shown by different forms or different words when referring to people or animals

Infrequently, nouns describing things without a gender are referred to with a gendered pronoun to show familiarity. It is also correct to use the gender-neutral pronoun (it).

EXAMPLES

• I love my car. She (the car) is my greatest passion.
• France is popular with her (France's) neighbours at the moment.
• I travelled from England to New York on the Queen Elizabeth; she (the Queen Elizabeth) is a great ship.

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SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
(Regular)
Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.
A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.
A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding-ies.



(Irregular)

cactus - cacti, man men

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
deer - deer, fish - fish


Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.
news,darts,billiards

Some nouns have a fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not used in the singular, or they have a different meaning in the singular. Nouns like this include: trousers, jeans, glasses, savings, thanks, steps, stairs, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

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as

Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun. (one man  - two men, one dog - two dogs, She has two dogs, I own  a house.)

Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They may be the names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form.  (tea, money, love)

We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use a word or expression like some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of , or else use an exact measurement like a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a handful of, a pinch of, an hour of, a day of. If you want to ask about the quantity of an uncountable noun, you ask "How much?"


Some nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in English. They must follow the rules for uncountable nouns. The most common ones are:
accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, furniture, information, luggage, news, progress, traffic, travel, trouble, weather, work

Be careful with the noun hair which is normally uncountable in English, so it is not used in the plural. It can be countable only when referring to individual hairs.



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CAPITALISATION RULES

Capital letters are used with particular types of nouns, in certain positions in sentences, and with some adjectives. You must always use capital letters for:

The beginning of a sentence

The first person personal pronoun, I

Names and titles of people      the President of the United States , Doctor Churchill

Titles of works, books, movies The Merchant of Venice

Months of the year
Days of the week
Seasons                            Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Holidays                          Christmas,New Years Day
Names of countries and continents
Names of cities, towns, villages
Names of rivers, oceans, seas, lakes   Lake Victoria, the Pacific
Names of geographical formations the Alps
Adjectives relating to nationality   French music
Collective nouns for nationalities  the Americans
Language names Chinese
Names of streets, buildings, parks  Wall Street
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The possessive form is used with nouns referring to people, groups of people, countries, and animals. It shows a relationship of belonging between one thing and another. To form the possessive, add apostrophe + s to the noun. If the noun is plural, or already ends in s, just add an apostrophe after the s.
John's car

For names ending in s, you can either add an apostrophe + s, or just an apostrophe. The first option is more common. When pronouncing a possessive name, we add the sound /z/ to the end of the name.

Thomas's book or Thomas' book